Articles

The military vocabulary in any foreign language world picture reflects its ethnic origin. In foreign languages, a similar layer of the vocabulary of the national language is represented by approximately the same set of lexical units indicating the realities of war and military affairs in the most general sense. The accuracy of the semantics of a military term and the blurring of the semantics of a military lexicon unit used in the fiction text are the main signs of the division of these categories.

While performing simultaneous interpreting a simultaneous interpreter undoubtedly undertakes a number of syntactic, semantic and lexico­syntactic transformations. Nevertheless, multiple obstacles (linguistic, psychological, physiological and others) complicate the choice of the best possible interpreting strategy. As a result, there appears a number of employed transformations. The aim of this work is to identify both justified and unjustified usage of specific translation tools and evaluate the quality of interpreting.

Today, simultaneous interpreting is an integral part of international conferences, fora, negotiations and training programs. The specific character of simultaneous interpreting shows that one of the most significant reasons for interpreters’ mistakes is interlingual and translation interference. Interference and its pressure on the target language increase due to tight time constraints, a rapid pace of the speaker’s delivery and the interpreter’s mental strain which are all common with simultaneous interpreting. Interference influences all levels of the target language: phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic and stylistic. In order to find speech errors made by students during simultaneous interpreting (the B→A English­Russian language combination), we analyzed the interpreting records of 15 students at the Higher School of Translation and Interpreting of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The students in question interpreted two different speeches. Altogether 30 records were analyzed. Such analysis of speech errors is indispensable in order to reveal blind spots and find solutions to the aforementioned problems.

The article highlights the contribution made by Geliy Chernov to researching simultaneous interpreting and describes the model of probability prediction and anticipation in simultaneous interpreting (SI) presented in his book first published in 1987. The model provides a description of SI cognitive mechanisms: probabilistic forecasting and anticipation, inferencing and compression, and the specifics of their interaction in the SI process. Probabilistic forecasting stands for the anticipation of sense (meaning) in the process of interpreting the text of the source language and it is based on inferencing. These cognitive mechanisms depend on the text function, information redundancy and text cohesion and coherence. Moreover, inferencing is based both on functional and discursive features of the text, as well as extralinguistic information related to the text. In this regard, Chernov may be considered as one of the pioneers in researching translation and interpretation in the Soviet Union and Europe alike: he was one of the first scholars to pay special attention to the pragmatic factors in simultaneous interpreting: the knowledge of a cultural context and background information, a specific subject­matter and a communicative situation in which simultaneous interpreting is used, which includes the topic of the event, participants and deixis. Further studies of the SI cognitive mechanisms from the perspective of cognitive linguistics seem a promising area of SI research.

Simultaneous interpreting, being a complex type of cognitive activity, often becomes the object of various experimental studies. The main purpose of conducting such experiments and studies is to reveal and then describe the mechanisms of this complex psychological and communicative process, its modeling, as well as to understand the strategies used by simultaneous interpreters to ensure high­quality interpreting. This article describes the main results of an experiment conducted at the Higher School of Translation and Interpreting of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The purpose of this experimental study is to prove that participants in political discourse have a significant influence on the process and result of simultaneous interpreting. This fact impacts the need to develop criteria for selecting material for training future professional interpreters.

The article focuses on processes of neologization underlying the modern language policy in France. Given the predominant position of English, French, as well as many other languages in the world, is increasingly facing the onslaught of anglicims. In this connection, the Commission for the Enrichment of the French Language and the French Academy along with other competent institutions are attempting to create new terms (neologisms) through the use of various means that the French language can provide in order to replace English loanwords. In spite of the internationally known reverential attitude of France towards its national language, ambiguous and complicated aspects of the neologism process have been revealed. The study of a number of new French terms published in Journal official enabled us to conclude that French neologisms are in many cases unable to compete with anglicisms due to their complicated and intricate forms that make it difficult for the French to learn such words. Nevertheless, regardless of certain failures, it is considered to be necessary to continue this work which serves as a barrier against the ongoing excessive anglicization of French.

In historiography, over the centuries under various political circumstances, the same states have been renamed several times; therefore, translating historical names of the countries is not an easy task, since in each specific epoch the toponyms of each country of the source language and the target language must be synchronized. The subject of this research deals with historical toponyms in general and Russian historical toponyms in particular. The purpose of this article is to justify the need to create a database of historical toponyms of the source and target languages for their subsequent analysis, systematization and classification. An interpretive model was adopted as a method of research, which from the methodological point of view is a culturological algorithm of text interpretation, which is used in translation studies. For the first time, historical toponyms have been considered as open systems from temporal and spatial positions. Historical toponyms determine the informational content of historical texts, which makes it possible to determine the epoch of the analyzed events even in the absence of other temporal symbols. Due to it, translators do not only create a stable system of equivalent correspondences of the historical names of the states, but they also study their history with regard to the information data contained in the historical toponyms that were obtained by them from primary sources and academic historical papers. The result of this research is the creation of a system of correspondences of the historical toponyms of various states and their translation into English. This method allows translators to create a system of correspondences for different modern and classical languages; this expands the creative opportunities for historians and permits them to avoid communication mistakes.

Diminutives are found in many literary works created in Russian and they are an important means of sense-making. They also play an important role in creating a speech portrait of a character as well as in expressing the author’s assessment.

There is a legitimate question due to a frequent use of diminutives in literary works: how to translate fragments of a literary text where diminutive suffixes are found? Do these passages require special attention and do they need a pretranslation comment? Is the diverse palette of meanings that writers put into words with diminutive suffixes comprehensible to people of a different culture?

In this article, we will consider fragments of a text with diminutives taken from the novella “Heart of a Dog” by Mikhail Bulgakov, and their translations into English, French and Chinese. We will try to determine various difficulties a translator faces in working on such texts.

This article addresses the phenomenon of eponymy in legal terminology as a translation problem. Dictionary definitions of eponyms show inconsistencies in treating these units by lexicographers. The examples given are indicative of eponymic terms both in legal English and legal Russian being complex units of nomination. Legal eponyms generate technical terminology that is challenging for perception and comprehension; its translation requires explication techniques. Such recent neologisms as Brexit and Megxit, which have emerged as eponymic internationalisms, allow to emphasize the significance of studying eponymy in the language of the legal profession and in legal translation.

Language is the main tool for information exchange since we are in the era of global information. How to effectively use modern methods to break through the language barriers between us has become an important problem for all mankind, and machine translation has become one of the powerful means of automatic translation between different languages. However, due to the extreme complexity of any natural language, machine translation has also become one of the problems of the present-day science and technology. Translation activity in the digital age is a complex system of heterogeneous interactions within the “man — smart machine (AI)” tandem [Garbovsky, Kostikova, 2019: 3]. This article mainly introduces the history and current situation of Chinese machine translation, discusses the difference between machine translation and human translation, and explains how practicing translators and learners should deal with the arrival of the era of artificial intelligence translation and sort out the relationship between the two. Facing the strong competition of artificial intelligence translation, many people are worried about the development and prospects of translation majors in universities and even foreign language majors. Through the research and exploration of the current state of affairs in the field of translation studies in China, this article points out the shortcomings of translation teaching in China. It also predicts the employment field of “future translators” (graduates).

This paper analyzes Russian translations of Chinese brands which can be classified into six translation methods. The most popular ones are transliteration plus annotation and explanation. As far as the Go Believe brand, an interpreter can opt for transliteration if s/he is pressed for time; explanation, when needed, can be used after transliteration. When it comes to translation, the translation plus annotation method can be employed, viz. the transliteration followed by an annotation.