Articles

The article deals with various translation problems. The author’s focus is on the linguistic bases for the translation process. According to language theories, several levels are distinguished in a literary text. In the process of translation each of those can be either activated or neutralized. The adequacy of substitution depends on these factors.

The article develops the idea that theoretical research work on interpretation in China began relatively late compared to the West. The Chinese theory of interpretation has been influenced by Western interpretation theories, among which the French translation school has had a particularly great influence on the Chinese theoretical foundations for interpretation didactics. The Chinese interpretation didactics has incorporated the most advanced Western theories of interpretation and is now moving toward scientification, systematization and professionalism, which has laid a solid foundation for professional training in the field of interpretation.

The article deals with the phraseological and non­phraseological methods of translation of phraseological units found in the German press from the point of view of equivalence and adequacy. An analysis of specific translation solutions is conducted. The correlation between equivalence and adequacy is established by using different translation correspondences.

The article deals with a complex interrelation of competence and interpretation factors in translation. In translation, interpretation implies both the understanding of the sense presented in the Source Language/Source Text (SL/ST) and its expression in the Target Language/Target Text (TL/TT) through the use of language­specific means. The limits or boundaries of interpretation are established by the invariant sense, and its adequate rendering requires a high level of professionalism. The competence factor in translation is intrinsically tied to the translator’s personality. If the translator’s language and conceptual thesaurus are poorly developed, this factor can produce a negative effect, as it limits the interpretation factor. Well­developed translator’s competences facilitate an in­depth understanding of presuppositions and implications in the SL, which serve as the basis for interpretation in translation and the criterion for the choice of transformations (shifts) used to cope with interlingual asymmetries and prevent interlingual interference. Interlingual asymmetries are present at all language levels and can cause interlingual interference that, in its turn, leads to language and translation errors. The competence factor produces impacts depending on the direction of translation: in the course of translation from a foreign language into the mother tongue the challenge is presented by the first phase of interpretation, viz. understanding, while in the course of translation from the mother tongue into a foreign language the difficulty lies in the choice of idiomatic means to express the invariant sense.

This article is an analysis of the decision­making mechanisms in translation based on the criteria of acceptability and preference . The article considers a variety of approaches to decision­making, which is determined by both objective parameters and an interpreter’s perception of the main components of translation as a complex system .

The article raises the question of studying the form (the formal structure) and the semantics (the semantic structure) of multiword terms. It points outthat multiword terminological units abounding in branch terminologies pose a problem in researching their outer structure and meaning. The lexeme “element” is put forth to be used for denoting a component of a one-word term, while the word “component” is suggested as a designation of a constituent part of a multi-word term. The article highlights the fact that in the sublanguage ofter minological science vocabulary, as well as in the language used for general purposes, certain semantic phenomena can be observed, viz. polysemy, synonymy, homonymy, antonymy, paronymy.

The object of study in the article is lexical and semantic group “reality” in the emergency situations terminology as a categorial and terminological microsystem. The subject is the possibilities of its categorization, semantization and taxonomic classification. The semantic core of all the terms forming this group consists of two integral features: abstract relations and forms of existence of matter: reality. In the terminology of emergency situations special reality is described by terms situation, state, conditions, circumstances, crisis, regime, system, condition, biocenosis, life, anomaly. To become industry-specific terms, these lexical units receive differential signs (source, consequence, objecty subject, space, quantity, order, change, modality, condition, time, activity). With the help of these semes, special professional information can be expressed. As a result of semantic specification, the lexicon forms a special professional terminology field.

The presented material is dedicated to the outstanding Russian philologist, linguist and specialist in terminology Vladimir Leitchik, the founder of the new discipline known as Terminology (“Terminovedeniye”). At the beginning of his scientific career he was focused on the issues of word-formation in the French language but then continued to show the integration of different branches of scientific knowledge, including semiotics and computer science, lexicography and lexicology, phraseology and stylistics, patent science, translation and interpreting, neology and terminology. This last field became the leading one in his scientific life, in which the poly paradigmatic and cross-disciplinary aspects of his research perspective are fully revealed.

The article deals with term-formation potentials of mineralogical eponyms in the light of cognitive term-formation. It is concluded that most mineralogical eponyms are monosyllabic terms formed by suffixation. The suffixes can be either simple or complex but the structure of mineralogical eponyms remains unchanged when translated into other languages. 30 termformation models are considered in detail; these models are divided into three main groups: name + surname (14 models), surname only (9 models) and name only (7 models). The author introduces the concept of eponymlike terms and separates two mineralogical eponyms formed by means of compounding. 82 prefixes for the formation of mineralogical eponyms are considered: prefixes representing a dominant chemical element and Greek words representing the prefixes.

The article describes the method of singling out and analyzing the cultural component of meaning as well as that of terminologies. The method was worked out on the basis of the theory of terminological sign by Dr. Vladimir Leitchik. The author distinguishes between the notions of 'cultural component of terminological meaning, “cultural component of terminologies and terminological systems” and “sociocultural component of branch terminologies” such as Anglo-American terminologies of law, education, etc. The target goal of the research is to apply the developed method of terminological sign analysis to new terminologies. In the present article, the stated method is used to analyze the terminology of Russian history borrowed from the Russian language into the English texts by British historians. The author illustrates the theory of terminological sign by investigating the semantics of the linguistic substratum of terminological signs and the content of the conceptual superstratum of the sign. The results of the article include the description of the peculiarities of the content structure of the transcribed terms of Russian history which contain the cultural component of meaning in English texts.

The article is aimed at studying the terminological heritage of a famous linguist, one of the founders of the theory of term in Russian terminology, Vladimir Moiseyevich Leitchik. The issues, solved in the works of this researcher, as well as the dynamics of his creative views, are analyzed on the basis of certain periods in his research work. The role of this researcher in laying the foundations of the cognitive perspective in terminology which predetermined the birth of discursive terminology is revealed..