Articles

The 47-year activities of the American missionary of the liberal party, Lin Lezhi, is associated with the period of changesin the era of the Qing dynasty. He took an active part in those changes whileplaying an important role in translating Western scientific works. With a clear goal and special strategies, he spread the advanced cultures and thoughts ofthe West and thus affectedChina in many ways. Many translated works still have an indelible significance. Lin Lezhi is a distinguished American missionary translator who preached in China. Any studies of the history of translation in the era of the Qing Dynasty would be incomplete without mentioning Lin Lezhi.

The realities of the translation process as components of the systemic relations include the situation of communication within which the translator mediates the author’s communication with a foreign reader, the original text as an object of transformation into the translated text and interaction of the translated text with the actual reality which is described in the original text and is reproduced in the translated one. The realities of the translation process manifest their qualities most visibly by bearing the peculiarity of the mediated communication, i.e. communication with the translator’s participation. The peculiarity of the communication situation for the translator is that he must find ways of expressing what does not have analogues in the target language. The most vivid elements of the surrounding reality, characteristic of the original text, manifest themselves in foreign-language realities which may not have equivalents in the target language. By achieving the accuracy of the translation, the translator focusses his efforts on making the foreign-language realities understandable to the translation recipient.

This article pays attention to the use of the Internet in the process of translation, viz. the use of different online sources: search engines, machine translations, Wikipedia, reference sites, online correсtion, etc. The Internet is a great supporting tool that can help translators in their work. The ability to use the Internet can be considered as any translator’s key skill.

The article studies the influence of target language literature on translation (a case study of “Paradise lost” translation by archbishop Amvrosy (Serebrennikov) made in the late 18th century via the French translation by Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur that transformed the original in the spirit of belles infidèles). Amvrosy praised the beauty of the poem, transforming the translation in accordance with the French text, and altering the heterodox passages of the poem. The translation, approved by the clergy and being one of the most poetic prose translations, paved the way for further translations based on the original text.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The abstracts of the all papers published in Vestnik of Moscow State University. Series 22. Translation Theory in 2013–2017 are presented.

The paper deals with the problem of the so-called undefined realia in ancient texts, i.e. cultural words, the precise meaning of which cannot be exactly established today. The monetary unit kesita mentioned in the Old Testament is chosen as an example, and its representations in different Bible translations are analyzed. Although the raised question may seem too narrow an issue, it may, nevertheless, relate to important historic and cultural features of the world described in the original text.

The article deals with a study of the philosophical notion of antinomy applied to the theory of translation. A retrospective journey into the history of the issue is accompanied by an analysis of a number of antinomies most relevant to translation of proper names such as antinomy of identity and variation, antinomy of fixedness and arbitrariness, antinomy of the source and target language phonetic systems and that of outer form and inner meaning. In the analysis of antinomies of outer form and inner meaning, charactonyms and common names are differentiated. The study is based on four translations of J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone from English into Russian.

In this article, the hermeneutic-phenomenological aspects of translatological interpretation are examined in the light of the transdisciplinary approach within the framework of the four-step Hermeneutic-translation methodological standard that includes the stages of pre-understanding, understanding, interpretation and translation decision in contrast to the philosophico-hermeneutical practice of interpreting monolingual texts in mutually intersecting and interchangeable types of reflection, namely, understanding and interpretation. It is postulated that a translator is always an interpreter, but interpretation is not yet translation. It is verified as the penultimate stage of the translator’s overcoming of the original cognitive-cultural, ethnopsycholinguistic and system-structural originality of the text and the choice of the strategy of forenization/domestication of the re-expression of the author’s text, search of variants of functionally relevant translation correspondences and ways of overcoming untranslatability. Attention is focused on the postulate of mandatory boundaries and the limits of translation interpretation and the translator’s careful attitude to the source. A translator is not a co-author, but only an interpreter of the author’s work.

Any translation, regardless of its form, the circumstances under which it is carried out or the information contained in original texts, is a cognitive activity of an individual that has relevant competencies. A translator generates information and introduces it into a new communicative space. S/he is a communicative mediator able to settle conflicts of mutual misunderstanding arising in the course of interlingual communication.

Throughout centuries, society has used the results of translators’ work for many various purposes. It evaluates translators’ successes and failures, praises them for what it is inclined to see as fine achievements and executes them for what it finds to be unacceptable.

To what extent does modern science take into account the threefold essence of translation? What models are acceptable in a scientific description of translation activities? How do translatology methods correlate with those of other scientific disciplines in today’s transdisciplinary knowledge about translation?

In the present article, the authors provide answers to these and some other questions posed in modern translatology.

Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Journal Congratulatory Messages

The teaching and educating of students are founded on the achievements of pedagogical sciences and new information technologies. The main goal of the educational process is to use the advanced methods of teaching generated by Russian and foreign philological and linguistic schools to provide students with the maximum level of knowledge of various translation theories so that they can develop sustainable abilities and obtain necessary professional skills in the field of translation and interpretation.

The main direction of such education is the use of psycholinguistic abilities of all students who must act in language situations that are close to objective reality; therefore, the latest didactic materials and media training facilities are utilized. Situational classrooms are used as media training facilities in which the equipment makes it possible to create various language situations where the students could use the accumulated knowledge and skills to achieve the goal set by their teacher.

The article focuses on the system-situational teaching with the use of suggestion as one of the methods aimed at increasing teaching efficiency.

In the article, we analyze how particular characteristics of the abstract vocabulary help to reveal distinguishing features of the French and Russian mentalities. It is a matter of weak and strong denotation, the metaphorization of meaning and the material connotation (the term was coined by Vladimir A. Uspensky, a professor of mathematics at Lomonosov Moscow State University), which makes it possible for an abstract noun to make up for the weakness of the denoter. The difference in material connotations in various languages adds a resource for a contrastive analysis. The research allows us to make the following conclusions: a real connotation accompanies an abstract concept, helps to comprehend it better while actualizing it in a specific image. It represents the mythologization of modern consciousness and manifests itself in general linguistic metaphors (in individual metaphors, only the development of the image given by the general linguistic consciousness can occur) and, consequently, has an objective (nonindividual) character. This connotation is objectively motivated and sets imperative laws of associating concepts for every native speaker. It is also important to note that the real connotation is not realized by native speakers, forming a kind of metaphorical concept of a specific idea that can only be revealed through reconstruction and exists not in the individual but in the collective unconsciousness, reflecting the peculiarities of an ethnic group’s mentality.