Pavlenko Veronika G.

This article is about semantically introductory words expressing confidence and degrees of confidence found in the works by English classical realists of the 19th and 20th centuries. The purpose of the article is to study the British linguistic culture, lexical-semantic, sociocultural and ethnic characteristics reflected in literary texts, as well as to make a list of introductory words with conceptual meanings for further semantic analysis. The subject of the study is the English linguistic culture and polysemantic field; the object of the study is the semantics of introductory words in novels authored by English realist classics. The work is based on the diachronic approach of N. Enquist and the global synchronization method developed by J. Firbas. From this combination of synchrony and diachrony, a logical and comparative perception of the signifier and the signified is formed, that is, a theory (assumption) arises. From this contrast, the conclusion is drawn that even the figurativeness of speech itself conveys an inseparable perception of the concept, introductory words and the thesauri of the two sides in a dialogue. Polylogue has a similar significance, but its perception is much more difficult due to the presence of a large number of participants in the conversation. According to Zipf ’s law, the author cannot overload the text with a multitude of personal and demonstrative pronouns, and he must refrain from using the same words and concepts for at least three paragraphs. In addition, it is necessary to adhere to the alternation of various types of communication, viz. coordination, management and adjoining equally. All this allows not only to reveal the style of the author, but also to learn to perceive the literary text as a value-conceptual aspect of a linguistic culture.

This article is devoted to the study of the psychological portrait of the main character Helen Keller in the play “The Miracle Worker” by William Gibson. One purpose of the article is to study figurative and expressive linguistic means: tropes and figures of speech expressing the category of psychologism in a literary text. Psychologism in a work of art makes it possible to understand the behavior, state, feelings and value orientations of a particular character. The other purpose is to analyze the characteristics of the image of the main character as a means of psychological analysis. The subject of research is the play “Who Worked a Miracle” by William Gibson, on the basis of which we identify the main means of the psychological characterization of a character; the object of research is the work of William Gibson with his understanding and application of the methods of psychologism as a realistic principle of depicting a character in fiction. The article examines the concept of “internal psychologism” of an individual who finds themselves in a very difficult life situation and manages to pull themselves together. Special attention is paid to figurative and expressive linguistic means that convey the inner world of the character. The author of the article points out the ability of the main character to accept all the hardships of life with a smile, as well as the desire for spiritual self-realization and personal growth.

The interest in the study of the category of epistemic modality is associated with the allocation of their new classification and consideration of the means of their linguistic objectification. Among the little-studied problems are linguistic means of expressing epistemic modality of credibility, actualizing the denotative correlation with parts of speech and receiving an equivalent representation of their lexical meaning. The article deals with the semantic analysis of epistemic adverbs in the framework of logical analysis. The aim of the article is to study the semantics of epistemic adverbs in terms of the realization of the credibility of the contents in English. These lexemes are considered in the contexts of their functioning. The scientific innovativeness of the article is at the heart that this article examines the correlation of epistemic adverbs and verbs of mental activity: know, think, suppose, doubt, etc. The objectives of the study are to describe the classification of epistemic adverbs according to the degree of expression of credibility of the contents; to analyze epistemic adverbs of credibility of the contents in the texts of fiction; to identify the correlation of epistemic adverbs and verbs of mental activity: know, think, suppose, doubt, etc. The contexts where epistemic adverbs function in texts of fiction are identified and described. The article argues that epistemic adverbs have a denotative correlation with mental verbs and receive an equivalent representation of their lexical meaning. The author concludes that according to the contexts of their functioning, their lexical meanings inherent in epistemic verbs, namely mental verbs, are manifested.