An analysis of religious and cult-ritual vocabulary of the gothic language based on texts of Wulfila’s gothic bible

Abstract

This article is devoted to the study of religious and cult-ritual concepts of the Gothic language. In the course of the research, the processing of historical and linguistic material is carried out, which allows us to analyze the GermanGothic mentality, taking into account, first of all, the specificity of the text of the Gothic Bible. In the study of Germanic and Gothic culture, in particular, a deepening into the lexical and semantic component of the biblical text is carried out. The relationship between the main ethnolinguistic features, the GermanGothic linguistic personality and the linguistic picture of the Gothic vocabulary allows us to look differently at the traditions, life and customs that existed in the Gothic culture. Thus, thanks to the classification and analysis of key religious concepts and value attractors that were part of the hierarchical model of the Gothic tribes’ representation of the essence of the world and the place of man in it, we find a reflection of spiritual and cultural life, recorded by Wulfila in the late 4th — early 5th centuries. In the given concepts, there are accompanying passages from the Holy Scriptures, as well as scenes of everyday life, captured in the form of the author’s comments and in translations of the Gospels of Matthew, John, Luke and Mark. Particular attention is paid to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, since it is in them that most of the author’s “additions” and comments are contained. Translations of the last Epistles of Paul supplement the information received about the life of the Gothic tribes, since they contain direct evidence of a semiotic space in which the cultural and religious concepts of the Germanic and German-Gothic mentality, intersecting in many sociolinguistic aspects, form a single idea of the Gothic linguo-mental complex.

References

Adorno T. Esteticheskaya teoriya [Aesthetic theory]. Moscow: Respublika, 2017. 532 p. (In Russian).

Bakareva A.P. Struktura predlozheniya kak sredstvo svyazi predlozhenij v sverhfrazovom edinstve [Sentence structure as a means of connecting sentences in overphrasal unity]. Extended abstrakt of candiddate’s thesis fil. nauk. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov. Ussue 161. Moscow: MGPI imeni M. Toreza, 2017. 204 p. (In Russian).

Baudouin de Courtenay I.A. A Pioneer of Structural linguistics. Victoria: University of Victoria, 2018. 311 p.

Bibliya. Knigi Svyashchennogo Pisaniya Vethogo i Novogo Zaveta s parallel’nymi mestami i prilozheniyami v sinodal’nom perevode [Bible. Books of Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments with parallel passages and appendices in synodal translation]. Moscow: ID “Nikeya”, 2016. 1593 p. (In Russian).

Blinov A.V. Gotskij yazyk [Gothic language]. Moscow: Yurajt, 2020. 207 p. (In Russian).

Bloh M.Ya. Problema tozhdestva predlozheniya v svete sootnosheniya ponyatij sintaksisa, semantiki i informacii. Extended abstrakt of candiddate’s thesis fil. nauk. [Problem of sentence identity in the light of the relationship between the concepts of syntax, semantics and information]. Inostr. yazyki v shkole. Ussue 5. Moscow: Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 2017, pp. 64–80. (In Russian).

Bryus M. Rannie perevody Novogo Zaveta. Ih istochniki, peredacha, ogranicheniya [Early translations of the New Testament. Their sources, transmission, restrictions]. Per. s angl. S. Babkinoj. Izd. 2-e. Moscow: Biblejsko-bogoslovskij in-t sv. apostola Andreya, 2004. 552 p. (In Russian).

Chemodanov N.S. Sravnitel’noe yazykoznanie v Rossii: Ocherk razvitiya sravnitel’no-istoricheskogo metoda v russkom yazykoznanii [Equivalent Linguistics in Russia: An Outline of the Development of the Comparative-Historical Method in Russian Linguistics]. Moscow: Knizhnyj dom Librokom, 2010. 96 p. (In Russian).

Dubinin S.I., Bondarenko M.V., Teterevenkov A.E. Gotskij yazyk. Fonologiya, morfologiya, sintaksis i leksika [Gothic language. Phonology, morphology, syntax and vocabulary]. Moscow: Flinta, 2014. 148 p. (In Russian).

Eco U. La struttura assente. La ricerca semiotica e il metodo strutturale. Milano: Bompiani, 2014. 702 p.

Falluomini C. Zum gotischen Fragment aus Bologna. Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 2014. Bd. 143, pp. 281–305.

Gal’perin I.R. Tekst kak ob’ekt lingvisticheskogo issledovaniya [Text as an object of linguistic research]. Moscow: Nauka, 2015. 489 p. (In Russian).

Ganina N.A. Drevnegermanskie reliktovye yazyki: problemy i perspektivy issledovaniya [Ancient Germanic relict languages: problems and research prospects]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 9. Filologiya, 2006, No. 3. pp. 9–25. (In Russian).

Goncharova E.A. Dinamicheskie processy v leksikone yazykovoj lichnosti [Dynamic processes in the lexicon of a linguistic personality]. Moscow: OmniScriptum Publishing KS, 2020. 248 p. (In Russian).

Grimm J. Germanskaya mifologiya. V 3 tomah [Germanic mythology. In 3 volumes]. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoj kul’tury. Seriya: Studia philologica, 2019. 2696 p. (In Russian).

Guhman M.M. Gotskij yazyk [Gothic language]. Moscow: Librokom, 2018. 296 p. (In Russian).

Guhman M.M. Yazyk gotskih pamyatnikov v svete istorii gotov [The language of Gothic monuments in the context of Gothic history]. Lingua Gotica: Novye issledovaniya. Kaluga, 2007, pp. 12–32. (In Russian).

Karpov V.I. K voprosu ob intertekstual’nom haraktere drevnegermanskih biblejskih perevodov [On the question of the intertextual nature of the ancient Germanic biblical translations]. V.I. Karpov. Nauchnye vedomosti Belgorodsko­ go gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki, 2014. Vol. 24. No. 26 (197), pp. 57–64 (In Russian).

Kasevich V.B. Kognitivnaya lingvistika: v poiskah identichnosti [Cognitive linguistics: in search of identity]. Moscow: ID YaSK, 2013. 192 p. (In Russian). Kibrik A.A., Koshelev A.D. Yazyk i mysl’. Sovremennaya kognitivnaya ling-

vistika [Language and thought. Contemporary cognitive linguistics]. Moscow: ID YaSK, 2015. 856 p. (In Russian).

Kolchina O.N. Dialog kul’tur v strukture yazykovoj lichnosti [Dialogue of cultures in the structure of a linguistic personality]. Moscow: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011. 188 p. (In Russian).

Kimball J.P. Syntax and semantics. Vol. 4. New York: Seminar press, 2016, pp. 13–28.

Korobov M.I. “Gaiainna i ginnungagap: diffuziya mifologem v epohu smeny religii” [“Gaiainna and ginnungagap: the diffusion of mythologemes in the era of the change of religion”]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universite­ ta. Seriya: Lingvistika i mezhkul’turnaya kommunikaciya, 2007, pp. 83–95 (In Russian).

Koshevaya I.G. Tekstoobrazuyushchie struktury yazyka i rechi [Text-forming structures of language and speech]. Moscow: Librokom, 2018. 184 p. (In Russian). Kimball J.P. Syntax and semantics. Vol. 4. New York: Seminar press, 2016, pp. 13–28.

Malevinskij O.S. Lingvisticheskie mify i osnovaniya realisticheskoj lingvistiki [Linguistic myths and foundations of realistic linguistics]. Moscow: Flinta, Nauka, 2017. 224 p. (In Russian).

Muhin S.V. Leksemy so znacheniem “Zhizn’” v gotskom yazyke [Lexemes with the meaning “Life” in the Gothic language]. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvisticheskogo universiteta. Gumanitarnye nauki. Ussue 6 (777). Moscow: FGBOU VO MGLU, 2017, pp. 110–120. (In Russian).

Pavlenko V.G., Makarova O.S., Goncharov A.S. Aktualizaciya koncepta “Home”cherez ponyatijnye leksemy v anglijskoj kul’ture Pozdnego Srednevekov’ya [Actualization of the concept “Home” through conceptual lexemes in the English culture of the Late Middle Ages]. Prepodavatel’ XXI vek. Obshcherossijskij nauchnyj zhurnal o mire obrazovaniya. Moscow: Moskovskij pedagogicheskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 2020, pp. 299–308 (In Russian).

Pesina S.V. Invariantnost’ v kognitivnoj lingvistike i filosofii yazyka [Invariance in cognitive linguistics and philosophy of language]. Moscow: Flinta, 2014. 160 p. (In Russian).

P’erdzhuzeppe S. Goty: yazyk i kul’tura [Goths: language and culture]. Per. s nem. A.D. Syshchikova. St. Petersburg: Filologicheskij fakul’tet SPbGU, 2012. 388 p. (In Russian).

Rassel J., Kon R. Gotskaya Bibliya [Gothic bible]. Moscow: Knigi po Trebovaniyu, 2013. 122 p. (In Russian).

Ratkus A. Greek ἀρχιερεύς in Gothic translation Linguistics and theology at a crossroads. Nowele. North-Western European Language Evolution, Volume 71, Ussue 1, 2018, pp. 3–34.

Reformatskij A.A. Vvedenie v yazykovedenie. Izdanie 5-e, ispr [Introduction to linguistics. Fifth edition, revised]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Aspekt Press”, 2018. 536 p. (In Russian).

Tacit Publij Kornelij. Annaly. Istoriya (sbornik) [Annals. History (collection)]. Moscow: AST. Seriya: Zolotoj fond mirovoj klassiki, 2012. 832 p. (In Russian).

Toporov V.N. Yazyk. Lichnost’. Tekst: sbornik statej k 70-letiyu T.M. Nikolaevoj [Personality. Text: collection of articles for the 70th birthday of T.M. Nikolaeva]. Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskih kul’tur, 2017. 978 p. (In Russian).

Toynbee A. Civilization on trial, and The world and the West. Both Unabridged Volumes are Supplemented by the Somervell Summation of A Study of History. Meridian Books. New York, 2016. 1674 p.

Vajnrajh U. Yazykovye kontakty. Sostoyanie i problemy issledovaniya [Language contacts. Research status and problems]. Moscow: BGK imeni I.A. Boduena De Kurtene. Seriya: Korpus gumanitarnyh disciplin, 2000. 274 p. (In Russian).

Vinogradov A.Yu. Den’ osvyashcheniya hrama v tradicii Vostochnoj Cerkvi (IV–XIII vv.): strategii vybora [Day of consecration of the temple in the tradition of the Eastern Church (IV–XIII cent.): selection strategies]. Moscow: Nauka, Srednie veka, 2012. T. 73. No. 1–2, pp. 154–177 (In Russian).

Vinogradov A.Yu., Korobov M.I. Gotskie graffiti iz Mangupskoj baziliki [Gothic graffiti from Mangup Basilica]. Moscow: Nauka, Srednie veka, 2015. Vol. 76. No. 3–4, pp. 57–75 (In Russian).

Vinokur G.O. Izbrannye trudy po yazykoznaniyu i kul’ture rechi [Selected works on linguistics and culture of speech]. Moscow: URSS, 2018. 230 p. (In Russian).

Yakovenko E.B. O svobode i tochnosti biblejskogo perevoda. E.B. Yakovenko. Profili yazyka: sociolingvistika, nacional’noe var’irovanie, perevodovedenie, kontrastivnaya stilistika. Sb. trudov k 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya A.D. Shvejcera, otv. red. N.S. Babenko, V.A. Nuriev [On freedom and accuracy of biblical translation. E.B. Yakovenko. Language profiles: sociolinguistics, national variation, translation studies, contrastive stylistics. Sat. works to the 90th anniversary of the birth of A.D. Schweitzer, otv. red. N.S. Babenko, V.A. Nuriev]. Moscow: Institut yazykoznaniya Ros. akad. nauk, 2015, pp. 268–277 (In Russian.).

Yakovenko E.B. Sposoby vyrazheniya futural’nosti v perevodnyh tekstah na drevnegermanskih yazykah. E. B. Yakovenko. Ot yazykovyh faktov — k postroeniyu teorii. Sb. nauchnyh trudov k 70-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya prof. A.P. Zeleneckogo [Ways of expressing futurality in translated texts in ancient Germanic languages. E.B. Yakovenko. From linguistic facts to theory construction. Sat. scientific papers to the 70th anniversary of the birth of prof. A.P. Zelenetsky]. Kaluga: KGU imeni K.E. Ciolkovskogo, 2013, pp. 260–267 (In Russian).

Zaliznyak A.A. Semanticheskij perekhod kak ob`ekt tipologii [Semantic transition as an object of typology]. A.A. Zaliznyak. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 2013. No. 2, pp. 32–51 (In Russian).